Abahindu bagira umugenzo w’idini wo kubyuka kare mu gitondo, mbere yo kugira ikindi bakora bakajya koga mu ruzi ruri hafi aho, cyangwa se bakogera mu rugo niba nta ruzi cyangwa umugezi bihari.

Abantu batekereza ko bituma bahumanuka. Hanyuma bajya mu rusengero rw’iwabo bataragira icyo barya, bagatambira imana yabo ibitambo bigizwe n’indabyo n’ibyo kurya. Hari n’aboza ikigirwamana kandi bakagitaka bakoresheje puderi y’umutuku n’umuhondo.

“Ingo hafi ya zose ziba zifite ahantu mu mfuruka cyangwa icyumba cyo gusengeramo imana y’umuryango. Imana ikunzwe cyane mu duce tumwe na tumwe ni iyitwa Ganesa, ifite umutwe w’inzovu.

Abantu bayisenga cyane cyane bayisaba amahirwe, kuko bazi ko ikuraho inzitizi. Mu tundi duce ho usanga imana bakunze gusenga mu mwanya wa mbere ari Kirishina, Rama, Siva, Duruga, n’izindi.”—Tara C., Kathmandu, Nepali.

Sobanura imwe mu migenzo y’Abahindu. (b) Uko abantu bo mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba babona ibintu bitandukaniye he n’uko Abahindu babibona?

Idini ry’Abahindu ni iki?

Ese ni igitekerezo cyoroheje abantu bo mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba bafite cy’abantu basenga inyamaswa, bakoga mu ruzi rwa Gange, kandi bagashyira abantu mu matsinda ashingiye ku nzego z’imibereho? Cyangwa se rikubiyemo ibindi birenze ibyo? Yee, rikubiyemo ibindi birenze ibyo.

Idini ry’Abahindu ni ubundi buryo bwo kubona ubuzima butandukanye n’ubwo abantu bo mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba bazi. Abantu bo mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba babona ko ubuzima ari uruhererekane rw’ibintu bibaho mu mateka. Abahindu bo babona ko ubuzima ari umwikubo ugenda wisubiramo, ku buryo amateka y’umuntu afite agaciro gake cyane.

(a) Kuki gusobanura idini ry’Abahindu bigoye? (b) Ni mu buhe buryo umwanditsi umwe w’Umuhindi yasobanuye idini ry’Abahindu n’imana zaryo nyinshi?

Gusobanura idini ry’Abahindu ntibyoroshye, kuko ritagira urutonde ruhamye rw’inyigisho, abatambyi barutana cyangwa urwego ruyobora. Icyakora rigira abitwa ba Swami (abigisha) n’abitwa ba Guru (abayobozi bo mu buryo bw’umwuka).

Hari igitabo cy’amateka cyasobanuye idini ry’Abahindu kivuga ko ari “uruvange rw’imyizerere n’amahame byagaragaye kuva igihe ibyanditswe byabo bya kera (kandi byera cyane), ari byo Veda, byandikiwe kugeza ubu.”

Hari n’ikindi gitabo kigira kiti “dushobora kuvuga ko idini ry’Abahindu ari uburyo bwo kuyoboka cyangwa gusenga imana Vishinu, cyangwa Shiva [Siva], cyangwa imanakazi Shakiti, cyangwa uburyo zigaragazamo, abagore bazo cyangwa abana bazo.”

Hakubiyemo gusenga imana Rama na Kirishina (zikaba ari uburyo imana Vishnu yigaragazamo), Duruga, Sikanda na Ganesa (umugore n’abahungu ba Siva). Bavuga ko idini ry’Abahindu rifite imana miriyoni 330, ariko nanone bakavuga ko atari idini risenga imana nyinshi. Ibyo bishoboka bite?

Umwanditsi w’Umuhindi witwa A. Parthasarathy agira ati “Abahindu ntibasenga imana nyinshi. Idini ry’Abahindu rivuga ko hariho Imana imwe . . . Imana n’imanakazi zitandukanye z’idini ry’Abahindu ni uburyo Imana imwe y’ikirenga igaragazamo imbaraga zayo n’imirimo yayo mu isi igaragara.”

Idini ry’Abahindu rikubiyemo iki?

Abahindu bakunze kuvuga ko idini ryabo ari sanatana dharma, bisobanura itegeko ry’iteka. Mu by’ukuri idini ry’Abahindua rikubiyemo amadini menshi n’udutsiko tw’amadini (bita sampradayas) yavutse kandi agakwirakwira mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi, ahuriye ku migani myinshi ya kera y’Abahindu.

Iyo migani ya kera irimo utuntu twinshi cyane ku buryo hari igitabo gisobanura iby’imigani cyagize kiti “imigani y’Abahindi imeze nk’ishyamba ry’inzitane ririmo ibiti bitoshye. Iyo uryinjiyemo ntiwongera kubona umucyo w’umunsi kandi ntiwongera kumenya icyerekezo.” Icyakora, muri iki gice turi busuzume bimwe mu bintu biranga iryo dini n’inyigisho zaryo.

Inkomoko y’idini ry’Abahindu

Idini ry’Abahindu ryakwirakwiriye mu rugero rungana iki?

Nubwo idini ry’Abahindu rishobora kuba ritari ahantu henshi nk’andi madini amwe n’amwe akomeye, mu mwaka wa 2000 ryari rifite abayoboke hafi miriyoni 800, ni ukuvuga umuntu umwe ku bantu 8 (13%) batuye isi. Icyakora benshi muri abo baba mu Buhindi. Ku bw’ibyo, bihuje n’ubwenge kwibaza tuti ‘byagenze bite kugira ngo idini ry’Abahindu ribe ryiganje mu Buhindi?’

(a) Dukurikije uko abahanga mu by’amateka bamwe babivuga, idini ry’Abahindu ryageze mu Buhindi rite? (b) Abahindu bavuga bate inkuru y’umwuzure? (c) Nk’uko umuhanga mu byataburuwe mu matongo witwa Marshall abivuga, ni iyihe misengere yakurikizwaga mu kibaya cya Indus mbere y’uko Abariyani bahagera?

Abahanga mu by’amateka bamwe bavuga ko idini ry’Abahindu ryatangiye mu myaka isaga 3.500 ishize, igihe abantu bari bafite uruhu rwera b’Abariyani bimukaga ari benshi baturutse mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bw’ikibaya cya Indus, ubu igice kinini kikaba kiri muri Pakisitani no mu Buhindi.

Bavuye aho bakwirakwira mu bibaya by’uruzi rwa Gange no mu Buhindi. Abahanga bamwe bavuga ko ibitekerezo by’idini by’abo bimukira byari bishingiye ku nyigisho za kera zo muri Irani na Babuloni. Ikintu kimwe usanga gihuriweho n’abantu bo mu mico myinshi kandi nanone kikaba kiboneka mu idini ry’Abahindu, ni inkuru y’umwuzure.—Reba agasanduku kari ku ipaji ya 120.

Ariko se ni ubuhe buryo bwo gusenga bwakurikizwaga mu kibaya cya Indus mbere y’uko Abariyani bahagera? Umuhanga mu byataburuwe mu matongo witwa Sir John Marshall, avuga iby’“‘Imanakazi y’Umubyeyi Ukomeye,’ rimwe na rimwe ikaba igaragazwa ari umugore utwite, ariko incuro nyinshi iba ari umugore wambaye ubusa wambaye ibitambaro mu ijosi no mu mutwe. . . .

Hakurikiraho ‘Imana y’Ingabo,’ ‘uhita uyibwirwa n’uko imeze nka Siva ivugwa mu mateka’ yicaye ibirenge bifatanye (mu buryo bwa yoga), ikagaragazwa n’igitsina cy’umugabo (byibutsa imisengere ya lingam [igitsina cy’umugabo]), ikikijwe n’inyamaswa (zigereranya Shiva, ‘Umwami w’inyamaswa zo mu ishyamba’).

Hari ibishushanyo bikozwe mu mabuye by’igitsina cy’umugabo n’icy’umugore, byerekeza ku buryo bwo gusenga lingam na yoni, ni ukuvuga igitsina cya Shiva n’icy’umugore we” (World Religions—From Ancient History to the Present). Kugeza n’uyu munsi, Siva iracyasengwa ari imana y’uburumbuke, imana y’igitsina cy’umugabo cyangwa lingam. Igendera ku kimasa cyitwa Nandi.

(a) Ni mu buhe buryo umuhanga w’Umuhindu atemeranya n’igitekerezo cya Marshall? (b) Ni ibihe bitekerezo bivuguruzanya byatanzwe ku birebana n’ibintu Abahindu n’“Abakristo” basenga? (c) Inyandiko zera z’idini ry’Abahindu zishingiye ku ki?

Umuhanga w’Umuhindu witwaga Swami Sankarananda ntiyemera ibisobanuro bya Marshall. We avuga ko mu mizo ya mbere amabuye yasengwaga, amwe akaba yaritwaga Sivalinga, yari ibimenyetso by’“umuriro wo mu kirere cyangwa izuba n’umuriro waryo, ni ukuvuga imirase yaryo” (The Rigvedic Culture of the Pre-Historic Indus).

Asobanura ko “gusenga igitsina, bitatangiye ari umuhango w’idini. Ni ibintu byadutse nyuma. Ni abantu bononekaye batandukira ibya mbere. Bo ubwabo bafashe amahame yari mu rwego rwo hejuru cyane ku buryo batashoboraga kuyasobanukirwa, barayamanura bayageza ku rwego rwabo.” Agiye gusubiza abantu bo mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba banenga idini ry’Abahindu, yavuze ko “Abakristo ari bo basenga igitsina.” Ibyo yabivuze ashingiye ku kuntu Abakristo basenga umusaraba wari ikimenyetso cy’abapagani cy’igitsina cy’umugabo.

Uko igihe cyagiye gihita, imyizerere, imigani n’inkuru z’Abahindi byaranditswe, none muri iki gihe ni byo bigize inyandiko zera z’idini ry’Abahindu. Nubwo izo nyandiko ari nyinshi cyane, ntizigerageza gutanga inyigisho ihuriweho n’Abahindu bose.

Inyandiko zera z’Abahindu

Ni izihe nyandiko zimwe na zimwe za kera cyane z’idini ry’Abahindu?

Inyandiko za kera cyane zitwa Veda, zikubiyemo amasengesho n’indirimbo byitwa Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda na Atharva-Veda. Zanditswe mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi kandi zirangiza kwandikwa mu mwaka wa 900 M.Y. Nyuma yaho izo nyandiko za Veda zaje kongerwaho izindi nyandiko, zirimo iza Brahmana n’iza Upanishad.

(a) Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y’inyandiko za Brahmana n’iza Upanishad? (b) Ni izihe nyigisho zigaragazwa mu nyandiko za Upanishad?

Inyandiko za Brahmana zisobanura neza uko imigenzo no gutamba ibitambo byakorwaga, byaba mu rugo ndetse no mu ruhame, zikagaragaza mu buryo burambuye ibisobanuro byabyo byimbitse. Zanditswe ahagana mu mwaka wa 300 M.Y cyangwa nyuma yaho.

Inyandiko za Upanishad (bifashwe uko byakabaye bisobanurwa ngo “imyanya yo hafi ya mwarimu”), nanone zitwa Vedanta, zanditswe mu mwaka wa 600-300 M.Y zigaragaza impamvu z’ibitekerezo byose n’ibikorwa by’Abahindu, dukurikije filozofiya yabo. Nanone muri izo nyandiko, harimo inyigisho ya samsara (kwimuka k’ubugingo) n’iya Karma (imyizerere y’uko ibikorwa umuntu yakoze mu mibereho ya mbere ari byo bigena imibereho ye yo muri iki gihe).

Rama yari nde, kandi se inkuru ye tuyisanga he?

Izindi nyandiko ni iza Purana, ni ukuvuga inkuru ndende zirimo imigani myinshi y’Abahindu ivuga iby’imana n’imanakazi ndetse n’intwari z’Abahindu. Nanone izo nyandiko zirimo ibisigo bya Ramayana na Mahabharata. A. Parthasarathy avuga ko igisigo cya mbere ari inkuru y’“Umwami Rama ufite icyubahiro cyinshi kuruta abandi bose bavugwa mu nyandiko zera.”

Igisigo cya Ramayana cyanditswe ahagana mu kinyejana cya kane M.Y ni kimwe mu nyandiko zizwi cyane mu Bahindu. Ni inkuru y’intwari Rama, nanone yitwa Ramachandra, Abahindu babona ko ari urugero rw’umuhungu, umuvandimwe n’umugabo bakwiriye kwigana. Bavuga ko yari avatar ya karindwi, ni ukuvuga uburyo bwa karindwi Vishinu yigaragazamo, kandi izina rye rikunzwe gukoreshwa mu ndamukanyo.

(a) Nk’uko igitabo kimwe cy’Abahindu kibivuga, Bhagavad Gita ni iki? (b) Sruti na Smriti bisobanura iki, kandi se Manu Smriti ni iki?

Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda washinze agatsiko k’idini gasenga Kirishina, avuga ko “Bhagavad-gītā [igice cya Mahabharata] ari inyigisho y’ikirenga mu by’umuco. Izo nyigisho za Bhagavad-gītā zigize inzira y’ikirenga mu by’idini no mu by’umuco. Inyigisho za nyuma za Gītā ni zo zivuga ijambo rya nyuma mu birebana n’iby’umuco no mu by’idini, ni ukuvuga kwishyira mu maboko ya Kṛṣṇa [Kirishina].”—BG.

Bhagavad Gita (Indirimbo yo mu ijuru), bamwe babona ko ari “ubutunzi bw’ubwenge bwo mu buryo bw’umwuka bw’Abahindi,” irimo ikiganiro cyabereye ku rugamba “hagati y’Umwami Śrī Kṛṣṇa [Kirishina], Imana y’Ikirenga, na Arijuna wari incuti ye magara yanamwiyeguriye, akaba yaramwigishije uko yagera ku ntego.”

Icyakora, inyandiko ya Bhagavad Gita ni igice kimwe gusa mu nyandiko nyinshi zera z’Abahindu. Zimwe muri izo nyandiko (Veda, Brahmana na Upanishad) zibonwa ko ari Sruti, ni ukuvuga “ibyumviswe,” kandi zifatwa nk’inyandiko zera zahumetswe.

Izindi nyandiko, urugero nk’ibisigo na Purana, zitwa Smriti, ni ukuvuga “ibyibutswe,” bityo zikaba zaranditswe n’abantu, nubwo banditse ibyo babonye mu iyerekwa.

Urugero rw’inyandiko nk’izo ni Manu Smriti, zirimo amategeko y’Abahindu agenga iby’idini n’amategeko mbonezamubano, kandi zigasobanura impamvu abantu bashyirwa mu matsinda ashingiye ku nzego z’imibereho. Ni iyihe myizerere imwe n’imwe yakomotse muri izo nyandiko z’Abahindu?